growth of mumbai in 19th and 20th century

[46] Bassein and the seven islands were surrendered later by a treaty of peace and commerce between Bahadur Shah and Nuno da Cunha, Viceroy of Portuguese India, on 25 October 1535, ending the Islamic rule in Mumbai. - Internet Geography Why is Mumbai growing? [188] The bombing occurred on the tenth anniversary of the demolition of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya. Modelled after army The Asiatic Society. He was the first to realise that the Fort walls were now superfluous, [8], The islands were incorporated into the Maurya Empire under Emperor Ashoka of Magadha in the third century BCE. y the late 20th century the factories started to decline along [77], Yakut Khan landed at Sewri on 14 February 1689,[78] and razed the Mazagon Fort in June 1690. In the 19th century ritain imported cotton from India which was transport-ed to Mumbai port by a railway. 1803 - Fire. [13] The islands were known as Heptanesia (Ancient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer Ptolemy in 150CE. [156] With World War II, the movements of thousands of troops, military and industrial goods and the fleet of the Royal Indian Navy made Bombay an important military base for the battles being fought in West Asia and South East Asia. As a result of Mumbai's 18th- and 19th-century history as a trading, commercial and manufacturing hub, the population of the city had swollen hugely as migrants from swathes of India's countryside arrived to find work. At first, compared with Calcutta (now Kolkata) and Madras (now Chennai), Bombayas it was called by the Britishwas not a great asset to the company but merely helped it keep a toehold on the west coast. The evolution of Bombay's multifaceted socio-cultural identity and its development as India's business capital have been influenced historically by diverse political and economic factors. 53.00 (ISBN 978--521-76871-9). [181] A series of 13 co-ordinated bomb explosions took place in Bombay on 12 March 1993, which resulted in 257 deaths and 700 injuries. [94] In 1784, the Hornby Vellard project was completed and soon reclamations at Worli and Mahalaxmi followed. 1801 - Siddhivinayak temple built at Prabhadevi. Much of this money was channelled [184][185] Soon colonial British names were shed to assert or reassert local names,[186] such as Victoria Terminus being renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus on 4 March 1996, after the 17th century Marathi King Shivaji. [126] Bombay Time, one of the two official time zones in British India, was established in 1884[127] during the International Meridian Conference held at Washington, D.C in the United States. [129], The growth of political consciousness started after the establishment of the Bombay Presidency Association on 31 January 1885. [30] For the administration of the islands, he appointed a governor for Mahim. railways in India. [195] 209 people were killed[196] and over 700 were injured. Almost everyone in the world lived in extreme poverty, we had very little medical knowledge, and in all countries our ancestors had . [47] The San Miguel (St. Michael Church) in Mahim, one of the oldest churches in Bombay, was built by the Portuguese in 1540. 1857 marks a watershed in Indian history. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 10 people were killed and 70 were injured. [86] Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia, a member of the Wadia family of shipwrights and naval architects from Surat, built the Bombay Dock in 1750,[87] which was the first dry dock to be commissioned in Asia. The 20th century began with a damage limitation exercise. On the mainland the Mughals in the north, the Marathas (under the venerated leader Chhatrapati Shivaji) in the area surrounding and stretching eastward from Bombay, and the territorial princes in Gujarat to the northwest were more powerful. such chawls would border a common enclosed space. By the time the newspapers had confirmed news [127] The Princess Dock was built in 1885 as part of a scheme for improving the whole foreshore of the Bombay harbour. It also shaped sports culture as well as the sports industry specifically Baseball and the Football Association into what is today. Among the most notable of those were the bombing of a train in July 2006 and the simultaneous siege of several sites in the city in late November 2008; nearly 200 lives were lost in each of the two incidents. The bomb killed 1 and injured 25. [11], The Silhara dynasty of Konkan ruled the region between 810 and 1260. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The decay of Mughal power in Delhi, the Mughal-Maratha rivalries, and the instability in Gujarat drove artisans and merchants to the islands for refuge, and Bombay began to grow. exposure of non-Western elites to an intellectual repertoire that facilitated challenges to colonialism. However, this economic boom was at the base of one of The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai's population over the last four centuries: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The first institute in Asia to provide Veterinary Education, the Bombay Veterinary College, was established in Parel in Bombay in the year 1886. [citation needed]. Global sea levels have risen faster than since the beginning of the 20th Century, and it has become much worse in recent years. [112] The Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company was the first cotton mill to be established in the city on 7 July 1854 at Tardeo in Central Bombay. [103] In the same year, monthly communication was established between Bombay and London. [5] The islands were coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard engineering project in 1784. Their religious practices could be summed up as animism. [67], The educational and economic progress of the city began with the Company's military successes in the Deccan. residents moving out of the central fort area. their villages. Later, his brother-in-law Nagardev for 17 years till 1348. [67] In July 1832, the Parsi riots took place in consequence of a Government order for the destruction of pariah dogs which infested the city. [203][204] The city's Wankhede Stadium was the venue for 2011 Cricket World Cup final, where India emerged as a champion for the second time after the 1983 Cricket World Cup. The islands came under the control of the Muslim rulers of Gujarat in 1348, ending the sovereignty of Hindu rulers over the islands. [67] With the construction of a good carriage road up the Bhor Ghat during the regimes of Mountstuart Elphinstone and Sir John Malcolm gave better access from Bombay to the Deccan. Governor of Bombay between 1819 and 1827. Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article. [102] The success of the British campaign in the Deccan witnessed the freedom of Bombay from all attacks by native powers. Many of these journals are the leading academic publications in their fields and together they form one of the most valuable and comprehensive bodies of research available today. Discover how Mumbai's past sovereignty issues have shaped it into a dominant trade and travel hub, siege of several sites in the city in late November 2008. With the rapid increase in the number of mills, Eleven million people migrated from rural to urban areas between 1870 and 1920, and a majority of the twenty-five million immigrants who came to the United States in these same years moved into the nation's cities. [55] After Antonio Pessoa's death in 1571, a patent was issued which granted Mazagaon in perpetuity to the Sousa e Lima family. [67] The Bank of Bombay, the oldest bank in the city, was established in 1840,[106] and the Bank of Western India in 1842. 2 Every country is shown in red. In the 70s, nearly 60 per cent of all elected representatives in the Assembly seats of Mumbai were non-Marathi speakers. From 1956 until 1960 Bombay was the scene of intense Maratha protests against the two-language (Marathi-Gujarati) makeup of Bombay state (of which Bombay remained the capital), a legacy of British imperialism. [187], During the 21st century, the city suffered several bombings. ", This page was last edited on 21 April 2023, at 06:52. Importance Of Globalization In Mumbai. Mumbai continued to grow and prosper in the 21st century, in large part because of advances in the technology sector. 2014 Cambridge University Press The American Civil War (186165) and the resulting cutoff of cotton supplies to Britain caused a great trade boom in Bombay. The arrest led to huge scale protests across the city. [143], The Partition of Bengal in 1905 initiated the Swadeshi movement, which led to the boycotting of British goods in India. Introduction. [116] The outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 increased the demand for cotton in the West, and led to an enormous increase in cotton-trade. The Abhiras ruled for 167 years, till around 417 CE. Cholera epidemics hit unsanitary cities hardest, and The Times newspaper in London labelled cholera "the best of all sanitary reformers". 3 20th century. [168][169], In the early 1960s, the Parsi and Marwaris Migrant communities owned majority of the industry and trade enterprises in the city, while the white-collar jobs were mainly sought by the South Indian migrants to the city. The Treaty of Bassein (1534) between the Portuguese viceroy Nuno da Cunha and Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, placed the islands into Portuguese possession in 1534. [45] Dorabji Nanabhoy, a trader, was the first Parsi to settle in Bombay in 1640. [7] They were Dravidian in origin and included a large number of scattered tribes along the Vindhya Plateau, Gujarat, and Konkan. [66] George Oxenden became the first Governor of Bombay under the English East India Company on 23 September 1668. Indigenous tribals have inhabited Mumbai (Bombay) since the Stone Age. The built-up area has depicted a positive growth of 14.01% during the period 1965 to 1992, 10.53% during the 1992 to 2010. In the 1960s and 1970s, Shiv Sena fought for rights of native Marathis. ritish people also set up textiles factories in Mumbai itself with huge numbers migrating from all over the region to work in the factories during the 19th and 20th century. barracks, each building had three floors. The growth of Mumbai is remarkable in the sense that it was a set of seven small islands inhabited by traditional fisherman mostly. The Maurya Empire gained control of the islands during the 3rd century BCE and transformed them into a centre of Hindu-Buddhist culture and religion. by an Act of the British Parliament. [164] But the States Reorganisation Committee recommended a bi-lingual state for Maharashtra-Gujarat, with Bombay as its capital. Technology has changed the world in many ways, but perhaps no period introduced more changes than the Second Industrial Revolution. [49] The St. Andrew Church at Bandra was built in 1575. [21] The Walkeshwar Temple was constructed during the 10th century[22] and the Banganga Tank during the 12th century under the patronage of the Silhara rulers. [132] The Bombay Municipal Act was enacted in 1888 which gave the British Government wide powers of interference in civic matters. [citation needed] Economic development characterised British Bombay in the 19th century, the first-ever Indian railway line commenced operations between Bombay harbour and Taana city in 1853. [121] The Bombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST), originally set up as a tramway company: Bombay Tramway Company Limited, was established in 1873. Mumbai in 1888. [145] The Bombay Chronicle started by Pherozeshah Mehta, the leader of the Indian National Congress, in 1910, played an important role in the national movement until India's Independence. [52] In 1560, they started proselytising the local Koli, Kunbi, Kumbhar population in Mahim, Worli, and Bassein. It specialises in the longer monographic essay based on archival materials and new field work. The construction of the new mint commenced in 1825. The crown ceded it to the East India Company in 1668. [88] In 1769, Fort George was built on the site of the Dongri Fort[89] and in 1770, the Mazagaon docks were built. One arguably positive result of European colonialism has been. Laws provided for compensation for workplace accidents. state. Every floor contained rooms, residents were paying taxes to the civil authorities for the upkeep and Company was accused of mismanagement. 75 people were killed and 350 were injured. Descendants of the Yadavas are found in contemporary Mumbai, and most of the place-names on the island date from that era. [98] The construction of the Sion Causeway was completed in 1802 by Governor Jonathan Duncan. My semester final project is regarding the industrialization and deindustrialization of Mumbai/Bombay centered around two significant periods, the plague of 1896 and the textile mills strike of 1984. Early Labor Unions. A few years later the city changed its name to Mumbai, the Marathi name for the city. The black soils of the mainland near Bombay were ideal for growing cotton. The islands were joined to the mainland and each other by causeways, and the city's university and major hospitals were founded. blow up the town during the festival of Diwali. [120] Tramway communication was instituted in 1873. The "scramble for Africa" started to impact large numbers of Africans in the. [107] The Cotton Exchange was established in Cotton Green in 1844. By the second decade of the century the population of Greater Mumbai was approaching 20 million. The needs of the Industrial Revolution in 19th-century Europe greatly contributed to the (1) growth of overseas empires (2) beginning of the triangular trade (3) development of international peacekeeping organizations (4) promotion of political and economic equality in Asia and Africa Click the card to flip 1 Click the card to flip 1 / 39 As against this, the colonial powers added an average of about 240,000 square miles (620,000 square kilometres) a year between the late 1870s and World War I (1914-18). [151] In the late 1920s, many Persians migrated to Bombay from Yazd to escape the drought in Iran. In 1857 the first spinning and weaving mill was established, and by 1860 the city had become the largest cotton market in India. [119] The Bombay Port Trust was promulgated in 1870 for the development and administration of the port. [72] Yakut Khan, the Siddi admiral of the Mughal Empire, landed at Bombay in October 1672 and ravaged the local inhabitants there. [43][44][45] Bahadur Shah had grown apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperor Humayun and he was obliged to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese on 23 December 1534. not yet psychologically prepared for this step. The result is his book Auckland: The Twentieth-Century . With their regional control for over 200 years, it paved a way for modernization of the country thereby significantly influencing the art, culture and architecture. many islands, a process that was [57] The first English merchants arrived in Bombay in November 1583, and travelled through Bassein, Thane, and Chaul. specially during the American Civil War (1861-65), created a pool of wealth, not only [58] The Portuguese Franciscans had obtained practical control of Salsette and Mahim by 1585, and built Nossa Senhora de Bom Concelho (Our Lady of Good Counsel) at Sion and Nossa Senhora de Salvao (Our Lady of Salvation) at Dadar in 1596. 8.1, the share of the manufacturing sector in India (total of manufacturing and small scale and cottage industries) in total NDP grew gradually from approximately 10% in the early 20th century to over 20% in the 1960s. [16] The Greek merchant Cosmas Indicopleustes visited Kalyan (near Mumbai) during 530550. By 1000 BCE, the region was heavily involved in seaborne commerce with Egypt and Persia. and also in terms of the nationality of the authors. The city was built [141] The Dadar-Matunga-Wadala-Sion scheme, the first planned suburban scheme in Bombay, was formulated in 18991900 by the Bombay City Improvement Trust to relieve congestion in the centre of the town, following the plague epidemics. ", "Local 'army' offers to protect Bombay's 'Castella', "Security, the central component of an early modern institutional matrix; 17th century Bombay's Economic Growth", International Society for New Institutional Economics (ISNIE), "Mazgaon fort was blown to pieces 313 years ago", Calcutta Magazine and Monthly Register 1832, Acquisition, Changes, and Staff (Acquisition, 17741817, "BMC allots Rs 14 cr to upgrade Mahim Causeway", Grant Medical College and Sir J.J. Gr.of Hospitals, "Sir Dinshaw Manockjee Petit, first Baronet, 18231901", "From Distrust to Reconciliation (The Making of the Ganesh Utsav in Maharashtra)", "The Swadeshi Movement: Culmination of Cultural Nationalism", "BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs", Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture 1983, "About Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)", "The Great Mumbai Textile Strike 25 Years On", "Profile of Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House (Nhava Sheva)", "Victims await Mumbai 1993 blasts justice", "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus chugs towards a new heritage look", "Blast outside Ghatkopar station in Mumbai, 2 killed", "Blast in Ghatkopar in Mumbai, 4 killed and 32 injured", "At least 174 killed in Indian train blasts", "India police: Pakistan spy agency behind Mumbai bombings", "Thackeray continues tirade against North Indians", "North Indian taxi drivers attacked in Mumbai", "HM announces measures to enhance security", "3 bomb blasts in Mumbai; 8 killed, 70 injured", "Death toll in Mumbai terror blasts rises to 19", "International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. Slums spread across the city and epidemics of plague added to the already high mortality rates. The Municipal Corporation limits were extended up to Jogeshwari along the Western Railway and Bhandup along the Central Railway. Even before the island was joined to Bombay, it was a cantonment Growth of a city - Mumbai or Kolkata or Delhi or Chennai or any other city of India in the 19th and 20th centuries TIPS Trace the growth of the chosen city from 17th century onwards Reasons for its growth and importance New administrative set up like municipalities, railway stations, post offices Change in population pattern By 1920, more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas for the first time in US history. It was part of Ashokas empire in the 3rd century bce, and in the 2nd century ce it was known as Heptanesia to Ptolemy, the ancient Egyptian astronomer and geographer of Greek descent. With the destruction of Maratha power, trade and communications to the mainland were established, existing connections to Europe were extended, and Bombay began to prosper. [32], In 1526, the Portuguese established their factory at Bassein. The pioneering work of Solow (1957) and Abramovitz (1956) both suggested that expansion in labor and capital accounted for no more than 15% of total growth in US output per head between the middle of the 19th century and the 1950s. 1803. 1993 Economic and Political Weekly Simultaneously a labour movement was organized. Dan Ives of Wedbush Securities, an investment firm . The development of organized sports during the 19th century played a large role in constructing the 19th century culture into what it was. Riots broke out between Muslims and Parsis in October 1851, in consequence of an article on Muhammad which appeared in the Chitra Gnyan Darpan newspaper. The social and religious reform movements of the 19th century that took place in India, had a lasting significance into the centuries that followed. By the second decade of the century the population of Greater Mumbai was approaching 20 million. of this century, the importance of Bombay as a centre of cotton trade, The Battle of Swally was fought between the British and the Portuguese at Surat in 1612 for the possession of Bombay. When cotton exports from the USA were interrupted by the Civil War, Bombay This work was completed in 1845, but [14] After the end of the Satavahana rule in 250 CE, the Abhiras of Western Maharashtra and Vakatakas of Vidarbha held dominion over the islands. The First Indian War of Independence, in 1857, makes a convenient watershed between these The Remaking of Bombay The last years of the 19th century ended with a textile manufacturing boom, and attracted huge numbers of workers to a city unprepared to give them healthy living quarters. [189] On 27 January 2003, a bomb placed on a bicycle exploded near the Vile Parle station in Mumbai. The tragedy was to have a positive Castella de Aguada (Fort of the Waterpoint) was built by the Portuguese at Bandra in 1640 as a watchtower overlooking the Mahim Bay, the Arabian Sea and the southern island of Mahim. At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured. Indigenous tribals have inhabited Mumbai (Bombay) since the Stone Age. After his death in 1303, he was succeeded by his son Pratapbimba, who built his capital at Marol in Salsette, which he named Pratappur. [117] The Victoria Gardens was opened to the public in 1862. In 1812 an Ordinance was promulgated which, among 3 Two books that helped precipitate the reassessment are Thomas Rawski, Economic Growth in Prewar China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), and Loren Brandt, Commercialization and Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern China: 1870s-1930s (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Jafar emerged victorious in the battle fought with Ahmad Shah I Wali. slums developed around the mills and the harbour. Under new building rules set up in 1748, many houses were demolished and the population was redistributed, partially on newly reclaimed land. By Mariam Dossal. This volcanic activity resulted in the formation of basaltic outcrops, such as the Gilbert Hill, that are seen at various locations in the city. An author who grew up in Mumbai calls his city an "urban catastrophe." [citation needed] The Kolis and Aagri (a Marathi-Konkani people) were the earliest known settlers of the islands.The Maurya Empire gained control of the islands during the 3rd century BCE and transformed them into a centre of Hindu-Buddhist culture and religion. Technological change has played a central role in US economic growth since the 19th century. 19th Century Transportation Movement Westward expansion and the growth of the United States during the 19th century sparked a need for a better transportation infrastructure. 4 21st century. The revolutionaries were brutally VT, university, BMC, town hall, etc. [131] The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bombay from 2831 December 1885. The decisive battle In the year to March, Apple's revenues in India were almost $6bn, an increase of nearly 50% on a year earlier, according to Bloomberg. the development of Mahim and Bandra had to wait another half a century. [23] The Italian traveler Marco Polo's fleet of thirteen Chinese ships passed through Mumbai Harbour during May September 1292. According to S.C. Roy the growth of anthropology in India can be classified in terms of the sources of publications such as magazines, handbooks and monograms etc. "Jobbers and the emergence of trade unions in Bombay city. The first important strike in the textile industry in Bombay began in January 1919. [199] Attacks included assault on North Indian taxi drivers and damage of their vehicles. In the second half of the 19th century, a large textile industry grew up in the city and surrounding towns, operated by Indian entrepreneurs. [67] In 1686, the Company shifted its main holdings from Surat to Bombay, which had become the administrative centre of all the west coast settlements then. A workers began to migrate to Bombay, and each room in a chawl would have in the Company militia revolted. Later, even this became impossible, and [124] Electricity arrived in Bombay in 1882 and Crawford Market was the first establishment to be lit up by electricity. An important reformer was Mary Carpenter, who wrote factory laws that exemplified Victorian modernization theory of the modern, regulated factory as vehicle of pedagogy and civilizational uplift. The Bombay presidency set up a factory inspection commission in 1884. From the late 19th to early 20th centuries . [42] During 152829, Lopo Vaz de Sampaio seized the fort of Mahim from the Gujarat Sultanate, when the King was at war with Nizam-ul-mulk, the emperor of Chaul, a town south of the islands. [66] A customs house was also built. Soon it was trading in salt, rice, ivory, cloth, lead and sword blades with many Indian ports as well as with the Arabian cities of Mecca and Basra. He implemented Aungier's plans for the fortification of the island, and had walls built from Dongri in the north to Mendham's point in the south. with the opening of Bombay's first cotton mill, it was to become an Nigel Harris' paper set out to examine Bombay's rise in the early 19th century was how cities are reacting to competing in an at a time when the Peshwa kingdom was open world economy and second, how collapsing and this led to a congregation Bombayof might perform in the same context. [55] In 1670, the Parsi businessman Bhimjee Parikh imported the first printing press into Bombay. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. [170] In the late 1960s, Nariman Point and Cuffe Parade were reclaimed and developed. [17][24] King Bhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century[25] and established his capital in Mahikawati (present day Mahim). removal of the fortifications. Under the Yadavas of Devagiri (later Daulatabad; 11871318), the settlement of Mahikavati (Mahim) on Bombay Island was founded in response to raids from the north by the Khalji dynasty of Hindustan in 1294. On being asked to hand over Bombay and Salsette to the English, the Portuguese Governor contended that the island of Bombay alone had been ceded, and alleging irregularity in the patent, he refused to give up even Bombay. Bombay was hardly affected. [108] The Commercial Bank of India, established in 1845, issued exotic notes with an interblend of Western and Eastern Motifs. [159] On 15 August 1947, finally India was declared independent. Mumbai has seen significant growth in its population between 1950 and 2020. It was converted into a township in 1949, and named Ulhasnagar by the then Governor-General of India, C. An eruption here some 66mya is thought to have laid down the Deccan Traps, a vast bed of basalt lava that covers parts of central India. On 6 December 2002, a bomb placed under a seat of an empty BEST (Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport) bus exploded near Ghatkopar station in Mumbai. [91] Salsette, Elephanta, Hog Island, and Karanja were formally ceded to the British East India Company by the Treaty of Salbai signed in 1782, while Bassein and its dependencies were restored to Raghunathrao of the Maratha Empire. To begin with, employers accommodated these workers in The blast occurred a day ahead of the visit of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the then Prime Minister of India to the city. Its expanded book review section offers detailed and in-depth analysis of recent literature. Overall, 15.3 percent of Americans lived in cities in 1850. Please read the, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, History of Mumbai under indigenous empires, History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (15341661), Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway, Bombay Shipping and Iron Shipping Companies, Bombay Coast and River Steam Navigation Company, Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, City and Industrial Development Corporation, History of Mumbai during the 21st century, Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport, "Pay dirt: Treasure amidst Mumbai's trash", "What about Gateway of India, Banganga Tank? 1880s. The population would grow gradually throughout the 19 th century, rising to over 240 million by 1900. This review examines three books major on the history of Bombay. Tanish Wahi Follow Studying at Indraprastha International School, Dwarka Advertisement Mumbai and the mmr (rajiv misra) Similar to Urbanization of Mumbai from 18th century to modern times (20) [118] The Bombay Shipping and Iron Shipping Companies were started in 1863 to make Bombay merchants independent of the English. Plague, for example, broke out in 1896. Mumbai/Bombay has long been the subject of sophisticated work by historians. [45] The marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Portugal on 8 May 1661 placed Bombay in British possession as a part of Catherine's dowry to Charles. [154] On 15 October 1932 industrialist and aviator J.R.D. By the mid-19th century, industrialization was well-established throughout the western part of Europe and America's northeastern region. Even the social sciences expanded and splintered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By the early 20th century, the U.S. had become the world . Those protests led to the states partition into the modern states of Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1960, and Bombay was made the capital of Maharashtra that year. [36] After the death of Kutb Khan, the Gujarat commandant of Mahim, Ahmad Shah I Wali again despatched a large army to capture Mahim. No group claimed responsibility for the attack, but it had been hinted that the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Toiba was behind the attacks.[193]. The line was inaugurated on April 6, 1853. But, with the end of the Civil War, cotton prices crashed and the bubble burst. [90] The British occupied Salsette, Elephanta, Hog Island, and Karanja on 28 December 1774. At the same time, it suggests that historians need to consider Gyan Prakash's view of cities as 'patched-up societies' whose entirety cannot be understood through single, linear models of change. Rajagopalachari. [182] The attacks were believed to be orchestrated by mafia don Dawood Ibrahim in retaliation for the Babri Mosque demolition. These workers were called Kamathis, and their enclave was called Kamathipura. The opening in 1869 of the Suez Canal, which greatly facilitated trade with Britain and continental Europe, also contributed to Bombays prosperity.
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